Showing posts with label Taqleed and ijtehad. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Taqleed and ijtehad. Show all posts

Tuesday, 6 November 2012

Companions of the Imams were mujtahids?

In a previous post (click here), the definition of ijtehad from both the Shia and Sunni perspective was discussed. Further to that, a common claim among the supporters of ijtehad (usulis) is that the foremost companions of the Imams (as) were themselves mujtahids. This post shall examine this claim.


نصوص دروس خارج الفقه/جديد > مفاتيح عملية الاستنباط الفقهي (1)  

Dars al Kharij (advanced fiqh class of Hawza) lecture by Ayatullah Kamal al Haideri

قد يتصور البعض ـ جراء ابتلائه بشبهة مصداقية ـ بأنَّ دراسة وإتقان مفردات البحث الأصولي كافية في صيرورة الشخص فقيهاً، لكن هذا التصور محض توهم ليس إلا؛ فالاجتهاد ليس مقولة متواطئة، بل مشككة، بمعنى أنه قد يكون هناك إنسان مجتهد في زمن الشيخ الطوسي ولكن إذا أتيت به إلى مقاييس الاجتهاد في زماننا فإنه لا يعد مجتهداً بالمرة. 

وهذا ينطبق على الفقهاءالمعاصرين لزمن الأئمة (عليهم السلام)، الذين يعبّر عنهم السيد الخوئي في كتابه (التنقيح في شرح العروة الوثقى) بـ (فقهاء الأئمة [عليهم السلام]) ـ فـزرارة ليس براوي فقط، بل وفقيه أيضاً، ولكن ليس بمعنى أنه يستطيع أن يكتب علم الأصول كما كتبه الشيخ الأنصاري، أو أن يكتب فقهاً كما هو في [جواهر الكلام] للشيخ الجواهري، أو في [مستمسك العروة الوثقى] للسيد الحكيم، أو في [التنقيح في شرح العروة الوثقى] للسيد الخوئي، إنما هو ومن سواه من فقهاء ذاك العصر (فقهاءٌ) بمستوى عملية الاجتهاد التي تكشف عنها أسئلتهم التي سألوها الأئمة والأجوبة التي جاءتهم، وليس أكثر من هذا. فقهاء ليس لديهم من علم الأصول والقواعد الاجتهادية إلا روايتين أو ثلاث أو أربع روايات في باب التعارض، ورواية أو روايتين في باب الاستصحاب. 

وهذا هو بالتحديد ما عبَّر عنه الشيخ الطوسي (رحمة الله تعالى عليه) عندما تحدث قائلاً: إن أكثر الفقهاء حتى زماننا هذا كانت مسائلهم العملية تكتفي بطرح نفس النصوص الواردة في الروايات وتلتزم بها حرفياً

Some people tend to be under the impression, due to what is erroneously considered a fact, that studying and gaining perfection in the jargons of usul al fiqh is sufficient to make one a faqih (jurist), but this is a misconception and nothing else, for ijtehad is not submission/acceptance but constant skepticism/questioning, which means that if someone was a mujtahid in Shaikh Tusi's era then if he were to be judged by the standard of ijtehad in our age he would never at all be considered a mujtahid. 

And this also applies to the fuqaha (jurists) contemporary to the era of the Imams (as), who were considered fuqaha by Ayatullah Khoei in his book "Al Tanqih fi Sharh al Urwatul Wuthqa". So (for example), Zurarah was not just a narrator of ahadith, rather, he was a faqih (jurist) as well. But this does not at all mean that he was capable of writing on the topic of usul al fiqh like Shaikh Murtada al Ansari, or writing on the topic of fiqh as is written (in modern books of fiqh such as) in "Jawahirul Kalam" of Shaikh Jawahiri, "Mustamasak al Urwatul Wuthqa" by Ayatullah Sa'eed al Hakeem, or "Al Tanqih fi Sharh al Urwatul Wuthqa" by Ayatullah Khoei. The level of ijtehad of him and the other fuqaha from that age is limited to asking the Imams (as) questions and receiving the answers, nothing at all more than that. They did not have fuqaha in the field of usul al fiqh and ijtehad, all that can be seen from them in this regard are three or four ahadith on the topic of ta'arudh (ahadith explaining how to resolve apparent conflict/contradictions in ahadith) and a hadith or two on the topic of istishab. 

And this is precisely what Shaikh Tusi stated (in Al Mabsoot, Vol 1 page 21): "Indeed most of the fuqaha up until now are limited in their rulings to deducing them via ahadith itself and clinging to them (ahadith) word to word."

Read More... Companions of the Imams were mujtahids? Read More!

Tuesday, 4 October 2011

Defining taqleed

عرف الشريف المرتضى التقليد قائلا : ( قبول قول الغير من غير حجة أو شبهة ) رسائل المرتضى - ج 2 - ص 265

Sharif al Murtada defined taqleed by saying: "Acceptance of the other's word without proof  or skepticism." (Rasail al Murtada, Volume 2, Page 265)

  عرف الشيخ الطوسي التقليد في كتابه الاقتصاد فقال : (التقليد إن أريد به قبول قول الغير من غير حجة - وهو حقيقة التقليد - فذلك قبيح في العقول) الاقتصاد - الشيخ الطوسي - ص 10
 
Shaikh Tusi defined taqleed in his book al Iqtisad, so he said: "If I intend by taqleed to accept the other's word without proof, and that is the reality of taqleed, then that is disgusting for the intellects." (Page 10)

قال العلامة الحلي في تعريفه : ( التقليد : قبول قول الغير من غير حجة ، ويسمى تقليدا ) الرسالة السعدية - العلامة الحلي - هامش ص 9
 
Allama Hilli said in its description: "Taqleed: Acceptance of the other's word without proof is termed taqleed." (Al Risala al Sa'diyah, footnote on page number 9)

 ذكر المحقق الحلي التقليد في معراج الاصول فقال : (التقليد : قبول قول الغير من غير حجة ، فيكون جزما في غير موضعه ، وهو قبيح عقلا) معارج الأصول - المحقق الحلي - ص 199
 
Muhaqqiq Hill mentioned in Mi'raj al Usool: "Taqleed: Acceptance of the other's word without proof, so making it binding wrongly, and it is disgusting intellectually." (Page 199)

 ذكر المحقق الكركي التقليد قائلاً : ( قبول قول الغير من غير حجة ولا دليل يسمى تقليدا) رسائل الكركي - ج 1 
هامش ص 59

Muhaqqiq al Karki mentioned taqleed saying: "Acceptance of the other's word without argument and proof is termed taqleed." (Rasail al Karki, Volume 1, Footnote on page 59)

Read More... Defining taqleed Read More!

Thursday, 25 August 2011

Following a deceased marja

الفوائد المدنية والشواهد المكية - محمد أمين الإسترآبادي ، السيد نور الدين العاملي - الصفحة ٢٩٩

Al Fawaid al Madniya by Shaikh Muhammad Amin al Astarabadi (ra), Page 299

ما اشتهر بين المتأخرين: من أصحابنا من أن قول الميت كالميت لا يجوز
العمل به بعد موته، المراد به ظنه المبني على استنباط ظني. وأما فتاوى الأخباريين
من أصحابنا فهي مبنية على ما هو صريح الأحاديث أو لازمه البين فلا تموت
بموت المفتي. نعم، بعضها الذي كان مبنيا على حديث ورد في الواقع من باب التقية
ينقطع العمل به إذا ظهر المهدي - صلوات الله وسلامه عليه - وكذلك فتاوى
المتأخرين المبنية على صريح الحديث أو على لازمه البين لا تموت بموت
صاحبها. لكن التمييز بين القسمين صعب على مقلديهم

What is popular among the latter scholars from our companions, that "fatwa of the dead (mujtahid) is like the dead (i.e. redundant), it is not permissible to act on it after his death", this means that his (mujtahid's) supposition is based upon speculative derivation. And as for the fatwas of the akhbaris among our companions, so it is based on what is evident in ahadith or essentially evident, so it does not die (i.e. become redundant) due to the death of the mufti. Yes, some of them are based on hadith stated in the situation of taqiyya, causing abrogation of acting by it when Imam Mahdi (as) appears. And similarly, fatwas of the latter scholars based upon explicit hadith or the essentially evident, does not die (i.e. become redundant) by the death of their issuers. However, distinguishing between them (i.e. between the fatwa based on speculative assumption and the one based upon explicit ahadith) is difficult upon their muqallids (followers).

Translator's note: Among contemporary mujtahids, I have found that Ayatullah Ishaaq Fayyadh conditionally allows doing taqlid of a dead scholar while Ayatullah al udhma Shaikh Muhammad Hussain Dhakkoo al Najafi unconditionally allows doing taqlid of a dead scholar. Below, I'll list their views.

Ayatullah Ishaaq Fayyadh

سؤال(10) : ما هو رأيكم في تقليد الميت أبتداءً ؟
الجواب : لا يجوز تقليد الميت ابتداءً ما لم يحرز أنه أعلم الأحياء والأموات

Question 10: What is your view regarding starting taqlid of a dead scholar?

Answer: It is not permissible to start taqlid of a dead scholar unless he harbors that he is a'lam (most learned) among the living and the dead scholars.

Ayatullah al udhma Shaikh Muhammad Hussain Dhakkoo al Najafi

 Qawaneen ush sharia fi fiqh al ja'fri



To summarize, in the text above Ayatullah Dhakkoo sahab says that the popular saying that the muftis fatwa becomes redundant upon his death is baseless because the righteous mujtahid would rule as per the Qur'an and hadith and obviously, the Qur'an and hadith do not die with the death of the mujtahid. Of course, if a person's ijtehad is based on his own ra'y (opinion) and qiyas, then it is possible that such mujtahid would realize his errors after his death. But since such mujtahid who rules by his own opinions and qiyas, his ijtehad is not acceptable according to us (Ayt. Dhakkoo) in his life than how can it be acceptable after his death?

Read More... Following a deceased marja Read More!

Sunday, 21 August 2011

Ijtehad from the sunni and shia perspective

Here is the definition of ijtehad as per our giant earlier mujtahids.

وذكر العلامة الحلي في كتاب تهذيب الأصول: الاجتهاد اصطلاحا: استفراغ
الوسع من الفقيه لتحصيل ظن بحكم شرعي انتهى كلامه (رحمه الله
تهذيب الوصول: ٢٨٣

And Allama Hilli mentioned in the book Tahdhib ul usool: Ijtehad technically refers to the faqih (Islamic jurist) releasing his exhaustive effort to obtain an assumption about the shari'i ruling. (Source: Tahdhibul usool, Page 283)

معالم الدين وملاذ المجتهدين - ابن الشهيد الثاني - الصفحة ٢٣٨
Mu'alim al Din by ibn Shahid al Thani, Page 238

الاجتهاد في اللغة: تحمل الجهد وهو المشقة في أمر. يقال: اجتهد في حمل
الثقيل، ولا يقال ذلك في الحقير. وأما في الاصطلاح فهو استفراغ الفقيه وسعه في
تحصيل الظن بحكم شرعي

The dictionary definition of ijtehad is: Bearing the effort, and it is the hardship in an issue. It (the term ijtehad) is used for exerting effort on the heavy/difficult issue, not for the insignificant/small issue. As for the technical definition, it is the release of exhaustive effort by the faqih to obtain an assumption about the shari'i ruling.

العلامة (٢) في النهاية: استفراغ الوسع في طلب الظن بشئ من الأحكام
الشرعية بحيث ينتفي اللوم عليه بسبب التقصير
٢) نهاية الأصول: ٤١١

Allama Hilli in al Nihaya: Releasing the exhaustive effort in obtaining the assumption for something among the rulings of shariah in a way that negates the blame upon him due to negligence. (Source: Niyatul usool, Page 411)

زبدة الأصول - الشيخ البهائي - الصفحة ١٦٠

Zubdatul Usool by Shaikh Bahai, Page 160

الحاجبي: استفراغ الفقيه الوسع في تحصيل الظن بحكم شرعي، ووافقه
العلامة في التهذيب

(As per) Hajibi: The faqih releasing his exhaustive effort to obtain the assumption for a shari'i ruling, and Allama Hilli concurred with him (on the definition of ijtehad) in al tahdhib (translator's note: Allama Hilli's definition of ijtehad in his book tahdhibul usool has already been cited above).

Now let us have a look at the sunni definition of ijtehad:

التلويح للعلامة التفتازاني (شرح التوضيح لصدر الشريعة من كتب الحنفية

Al Talwih (a commentary of al Taudih lisadr al shari'a, a Hanafi text) by Allama Taftazani

وهو في اللغة تحمل الجهد
والمشقة. وفي الاصطلاح: استفراغ الفقيه الوسع ليحصل له ظن بحكم شرعي، وهذا
هو المراد بقولهم: " بذل المجهود لنيل المقصود " ومعنى: " استفراغ الوسع " بذل تمام
الطاقة بحيث يحس من نفسه العجز عن المزيد عليه

And its dictionary definition is bearing exertion of effort and hardship. And its technical definition is, the faqih releasing his exhaustive effort for obtaining through it an assumption for a shari'i ruling. And the implied meaning of their statement is "The effort bearer employing effort to obtain what is desired/required" and the meaning of "releasing exhaustive effort" is exerting all the power/resources in a way that he feels within himself helplessness to add more upon it (i.e. the exhaustive effort he already exerted).

وفي إحكام الآمدي من كتب الشافعية: الاجتهاد في اصطلاح الأصوليين
مخصوص باستفراغ الوسع في طلب الظن بشيء من الأحكام الشرعية على وجه
يحس من النفس العجز عن المزيد عليه

And in Ahkam al Amidi, one of the shaf'i books: The ijtehad as per the definition of the experts of usool (principles of Islamic jurisprudence) is associated with releasing of the exhaustive effort in obtaining the assumption for something among the rulings of shariah, up to the point that he feels within himself helplessness from adding more upon it (i.e. to the exhaustive effort he already exerted).

Translator's note: As can be seen from the definitions cited above, among shias as well as sunnis, the definition of ijtehad is the same and it involves speculation because as the definitions show, ijtehad involves exerting effort to arrive at an assumption regarding Islamic rulings. In fact, ijtehad had started much earlier among the sunnis because ijtehad had not obtained legitimacy within the classical shia scholars. So basically, the latter shia scholars just copied the sunni definition of ijtehad and blatantly followed in their footsteps in practicing it.

Since ijtehad involved obtaining an assumption regarding Islamic rulings, what if the assumption derived by the mujtahid is wrong? Would that be a sin? Let us see what Muhaqqiq Hilli says:

وذكر الإمام المحقق قدوة المقدسين المحقق الحلي (قدس سره) في مختصره في الأصول:
أما ما يفتقر إلى اجتهاد ونظر، فإنه يجب على المجتهد استفراغ الوسع فيه فإن أخطأ
لم يكن مأثوما
معارج الأصول: ١٨٠ - ١٨١

And Muhaqqiq al Hilli mentioned in his Mukhtasar fil usool: As for what is in need of ijtehad and consideration, so indeed it is obligatory on the mujtahid to release the exhaustive effort on it. Then if he errs he would not be a sinner. (source: Mu'arij al Usool, Page 180-181)

Translator's note: As can be seen from Muhaqqiq Hilli's comment, just like the sunnis exonerate certain companions such as Muawiyah from his sins such as waging war against the just Imam, Imam Ali (as) by deeming it an error of ijtehad which does not render one a sinner, similarly the shia mujtahids also exonerate the mujtahids of their sins by declaring that error in ijtehad does not make the mujtahid a sinner.
Read More... Ijtehad from the sunni and shia perspective Read More!

Friday, 1 July 2011

Everything is Halal until proven Haram

كتاب من لا يحضره الفقيه — الجزء الاول
للشيخ الجليل الاقدم الصدوق أبى جعفر محمد بن على بن الحسين بن بابويه القمى
المتوفى سنة


Man la Yahdhuruhul Faqih by Shaikh Sadooq (RA) (381 AH), Volume 1

937 - عن الصادق عليه السلام أنه قال :  كل شئ مطلق حتى يرد فيه نهي

937- From Imam al Sadiq(as) who said "Everything is unrestricted until a prohibition is given on it."



وسائل الشيعة (آل البيت) للحر العاملي (1104 هـ) الجزء6 صفحة289

 

Wasail al Shia by Shaikh Hurr al Amili (1104 AH) Volume 6 Page 289

 

[ 7997 ] 3- قال : وقال الصادق ( عليه السلام ) : كلّ شيء مطلق حتّى يرد فيه نهي


 [7997] 3- He said: Imam al Sadiq(as) said: "Everything is unrestricted until a prohibition is given on it."



كتاب الاعتقادات مؤلف الشيخ محمد بن علي بن بابويه القمي الصدوق

 Al 'Iteqadat by Shaikh Sadooq (ra)

باب الاعتقاد في الحظر والإباحة

Section on the belief in the prohibition and permissibility.

قال الشيخ ـ رضي الله عنه ـ : اعتقادنا في ذلك أن الأشياء كلها مطلقة حتى يرد في شيء منها نهي

The Shaikh (Shaikh Sadooq) (ra) said: "Our belief in that is that the things, all of them, are unrestricted till there is given on a thing from them a prohibition."
Read More... Everything is Halal until proven Haram Read More!

Monday, 16 May 2011

Ruling for issues not explicitly mentioned in Qur'an and ahadith

Al Tauheed

حدثنا أحمد بن محمد بن يحيى العطار رضي الله عنه، عن أبيه، عن أحمد بن محمد بن عيسى، عن ابن فضال، عن داود بن فرقد، عن أبي الحسن زكريا بن يحيى، عن أبي عبد الله عليه السلام قال: ما حجب الله علمه عن العباد فهو موضوع عنهم

 

Told us Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Yahya al Attar (ra), from his father, from Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Easa, from ibn Fudhal, from Dawood b. Furqad, from abi al Hasan Zakariya b. Yahya, from abi Abdullah (as) who said: "Whatever Allah(swt) concealed of His(swt) knowledge from His(swt) slaves, so it is subject/set apart (not required) from them."

Read More... Ruling for issues not explicitly mentioned in Qur'an and ahadith Read More!

Tuesday, 10 May 2011

How to deal with and act in doubtful matters?


Tuhaf al uqul

وقال عليه السلام: أورع الناس من وقف عند الشبهة، أعبد الناس من أقام على الفرائض، أزهد الناس من ترك الحرام، أشد الناس اجتهادا من ترك الذنوب

 

And said (Imam Hasan al Askari)(as): "The pious among the people is one who would stop at doubt, the worshiper among the people is one who would stand upon the obligations, the abstinent among the people is one who would abandon the haram (unlawful), the most struggling/hardworking among the people is one who would abandon sins."

Read More... How to deal with and act in doubtful matters? Read More!

Tuesday, 26 April 2011

People not doing taqlid=Jungle law?

One of the concerns raised by usoolis is that if people stop doing taqlid and start learning the religious laws themselves by reading ahadith, that would result in people coming up with different laws and we would end up with a sort of jungle law. So even if we disregard the fact that different marjas themselves have differing fatwas, the question is that does it even matter? Would the Imams(as) themselves give everyone the same answer?

Al Mu'atabar min ahadith al Kafi

أحمد بن إدريس، عن محمد بن عبدالجبار، عن الحسن بن علي، عن ثعلبة بن ميمون، عن زرارة بن أعين، عن أبي جعفر عليه السلام قال: سألته عن مسألة فأجابني ثم جاء ه رجل فسأله عنها فأجابه بخلاف ما أجابني، ثم جاء رجل آخر فأجابه بخلاف ما أجابني وأجاب صاحبي، فلما خرج الرجلان قلت: يا ابن رسول الله رجلان من اهل العراق من شيعتكم قدما يسألان فأجبت كل واحد منهما بغير ما أجبت به صاحبه؟ فقال: يا زرارة ! إن هذا خير لنا وأبقى لنا ولكن ولو اجتمعتم على أمر واحد لصدقكم الناس علينا ولكان أقل لبقائنا وبقائكم  ،قال: ثم قلت لابي عبدالله عليه السلام: شيعتكم لو حملتموهم على الاسنة أو على النار لمضوا وهم يخرجون من عندكم مختلفين، قال: فأجابني بمثل جواب أبيه

Ahmad b. Idris, from Muhammad b. Abdul Jabbar, from al Hasan b. Ali, from Tha'labah b. Maymoon, from Zurarah b. A'yun, from Abi Ja'far(as) who said: I asked him(as) about an issue so Imam(as) answered me, then a man came to him(as) and asked from him(as) so Imam(as) answered him different to what I was answered, then lastly another man came so Imam(as) answered him different to what me and my companion were answered, so when then the men exited I said: O Son of Rasool Allah(PBUH), men from Iraq from your old shia asked(same question) so you answered both(differently), one among them with other than what you answered his companion? So (Imam(as)) said: "O Zurarah! Indeed this is good for us and ensures survival for us, but instead if you people consented upon one affair then the people will know you have truth from us and that would lessen/threaten our survival and your survival." (Narrator) said: I said to Abi Abdullah(as): "Your shias would walk on spears or fire if your order them and they leave from you people differing." (Narrator) said: "So (Imam(AS)) answered me similar to the answer of his(as) father."

Related post 
  
 
Read More... People not doing taqlid=Jungle law? Read More!

Saturday, 23 April 2011

Necessary to study ALL ahadith?

It's a very common scare mongering tactic employed by the  marjas/mujtahids and their followers, that they will try to persuade people that it is practically impossible for laymen(those people with self respect who did not go to hawza so as to spend their life shamelessly living off khums) to not do taqlid since that would entail reading up all ahadith which is very hard. On surface this argument may seem good but on closer inspection it becomes clear that this argument is baseless since one only needs to study those ahadith which are relevant to ones daily life. Just like a marja's taudhihul masail will contain countless laws, from how to clean an utensil in which a mouse has fallen to the different types of blood seen by women, a muqallid will only read the laws which are relevant to his life instead of memorizing the whole taudhihul masail. Considering that our classical scholars took up the hard work to collect ahadith and compile books organized by topics, it is pretty easy for anyone to pick up the hadith book, open up the relevant chapter and read the ahadith pertaining to his problems. The clerics and their followers then try to scare off people by saying that there are so many ahadith books and each chapter often coontains lots of ahadith which makes it impossible for laymen to read all of them. So the question is, even if this is true, does it even matter? Are we obliged to read up all ahadith? Did the Imams(as) order people to read all ahadith or is it OK for people to read a few ahadith to solve their problems? What do ahadith say?
 

Al mu'atabar min ahadith al Kafi

وعنه ، عن أحمد بن محمد، ومحمد بن الحسين، عن ابن محبوب، عن عبدالله بن سنان قال: قلت لابي عبدالله عليه السلام يجيئني القوم فيستمعون مني حديثكم فأضجر ولا أقوى، قال: فاقرأ عليهم من أوله حديثا ومن وسطه حديثا ومن آخره حديثا

And from him, from Ahmad b. Muhammad, and Muhammad b. al Hussian, from ibn Mahboob, from Abdullah b. Sinan who said: I said to Abi Abdullah(as): "My community comes to me so as to listen from me your(as) ahadith(sayings of masoomeen(as)), so I get/feel tired and weak." (Imam(as)) said: "So read upon them a hadith from start of it, and a hadith from middle of it and a hadith from end of it."
Read More... Necessary to study ALL ahadith? Read More!

Friday, 22 April 2011

Don't ahadith have a context, limited to a certain time?

This is another one of the silly arguments raised by clerics and their followers, that ahadith are limited to a certain time and context therefore we need mujtahids to guide us through their guesswork and personal opinions (labelled as ijtehad). So is this so, what do ahadith say?

Al mu'atabar min ahadith al kafi

علي بن إبراهيم، عن محمد بن عيسى بن عبيد، عن يونس، عن حريز عن زرارةقال: سألت أبا عبدالله عليه السلام عن الحلال والحرام فقال: حلال محمد حلال أبدا إلى يوم القيامة، وحرامه حرام أبدا إلى يوم القيامة، لا يكون غيره ولا يجيئ غيره، وقال: قال علي عليه السلام: ما أحد ابتدع بدعة إلا ترك بها سنة

Ali b. Ibrahim, from Muhammad b. Isa b. Ubaid, from Yunus, from Huraiz from zurarah who said: I asked Aba Abdullah(as) about the halal and haram, so (Imam(as)) said: "Halal of Muhammad(pbuh) is halal forever till the day of judgment, and his(pbuh) haram is haram forever till the day of judgment, there will be no one other than him(pbuh) and no one will come other than him(pbuh), and (Imam(as)) said: Said Ali(as): "None followed bidah(innovation in religion) but that he abandoned from the sunnah."
Read More... Don't ahadith have a context, limited to a certain time? Read More!

Saturday, 16 April 2011

Taqleed IS wajib!

The argument put forward in favor of taqlid(following a marja, in the technical sense) is that it is a natural step. The logical argument put forward is that no one can specialize in everything which makes it necessary for everyone in society to refer to the relevant specialist to solve particular problems. In fact, the specialist themselves would have to refer to different specialists when faced with problems outside the scope of their specialty. So this means the lawyer would refer to a doctor when he is sick and similarly the doctor would refer to the lawyer for legal advice. No doubt this makes PERFECT sense.
Thus in religious matters also everyone MUST do taqleed of the experts in religion. Just like not everyone can become or wants to be a doctor, and self medication can be very harmful, similarly in religious issues also one must refer to the experts in religion instead of acting as per ones desires. This notion is to an extent backed by the Qur'an as well:

Al Qur'an (Surah al Nahl, 43)


وَمَآ أَرۡسَلۡنَا مِن قَبۡلِكَ إِلَّا رِجَالاً۬ نُّوحِىٓ إِلَيۡہِمۡ‌ۚ فَسۡـَٔلُوٓاْ أَهۡلَ ٱلذِّكۡرِ إِن كُنتُمۡ لَا تَعۡلَمُونَ
 

And We sent not (as Our messengers) before thee other than men whom We inspired - Ask the followers of the Remembrance if ye know not! -    (Pickthal's translation) 
However, apparently the verse seems to be suggesting that this refers to the people of the book and this is what the non shia commentators have inferred.
Tafsir ibn al Kathir
It was reported by Mujahid from Ibn `Abbas that what is meant by Ahl Adh-Dhikr is the People of the Book.
http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2975&Itemid=71


So should we refer to the people of the book for our Islamic questions? That does not seem right. Therefore it seems we (the laymen) must follow the marja a'lam (most learned marja). Therefore, just for confirmation, let us see who ahadith specify as the ahlul dhikr (people of remembrance). That would put to rest all doubts such as "how can we follow a fallible marja, doesn't he himself need to refer to someone(someone infallible that is)?" and then we can follow our marja with renowned zeal and fervor!   

Al Sahih Min Kitab Basaer al Darajat     
حدثنا العباس بن معروف (ثقة) عن حماد بن عيسى (ثقة) عن عمر بن يزيد (ثقة) قال أبو جعفر عليه السلام:
( في قوله وانه لذكر لك ولقومك وسوف تسألون قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وآله وأهل بيته أهل الذكر وهم المسؤولون).
* الحكم : صحيحة



Told us al Abbas b. Ma'roof(trustworthy), from Hammad b. Isa(trustworthy), from Umar b. Yazid(trustworthy), said Abu Ja'far(as) in (regards to) Allah(swt)'s saying(in al Qur'an 43:44) "It is a Dhikr for you and for your people and you all will be asked questions." (Imam(as)) said: "Rasool Allah(PBUH) and his(PBUH) ahlulbayt(as) are the ahlul dhikr(people of remembrance) and they are the ones who are asked questions." 

 
The ruling(grading): Sahih (Authentic)    

Kafi 

عدة من أصحابنا، عن أحمد بن محمد، عن الحسين بن سعيد، عن النضر بن سويد، عن عاصم بن حميد، عن أبي بصير، عن أبي عبدالله (عليه السلام) في قول الله عزوجل " وإنه لذكر لك ولقومك وسوف تسألون " فرسول الله (صلى الله عليه وآله) الذكر وأهل بيته (عليه السلام) المسؤولون وهم أهل الذكر


A group from our companions, from Ahmad b. Muhammad, from al Hussain b. Sa'eed, from Nudhr b. Suwaid, from Asim b. Hamid, from Abi Baseer, from Abi Abdullah in (regards to) Allah(swt)'s saying (in al Qur'an 43:44) "It is a Dhikr for you and for your people and you all will be asked questions.", (Imam(as) said) "So Rasool Allah(PBUH) is the dhikr(reminder) and his(PBUH) ahlulbayt(as) are the ones who are asked the questions and they(as) are the ahl ul dhikr(people of remembrance)."


Grading: Majlisi (Miratul Uqul)  صحيح Sahih (Authentic)

محمد بن يحيى، عن محمد بن الحسين، عن صفوان بن يحيى، عن العلاء بن رزين عن محمد بن مسلم، عن أبي جعفر (عليه السلام) قال: إن من عندنا يزعمون أن قول الله عزوجل:
" فاسألوا أهل الذكر إن كنتم لا تعلمون " أنهم اليهود والنصارى، قال: إذا يدعونكم إلى دينهم! قال: - قال بيده إلى صدره  - نحن أهل الذكر ونحن المسؤولون


Muhammad b. Yahya, from Muhammad b. Al Hussain, from Safwan b. Yahya, from al ‘Ala b. Razeen, from Muhammad b. Muslim from Abi Ja’far(as) who said: “Indeed some near us claim that saying of Allah (swt) (in al Qur’an 16:43): “And We sent not (as Our messengers) before thee other than men whom We inspired - Ask the followers of the Remembrance if ye know not!”(Pickthal translation), that they(people of remembrance) are jews and Christians, (Imam(as)) said: “Then call you to their religion!” (Imam(as)) said (his(as) hand to his(as) chest): “We are ahlul dhikr(people of remembrance) and we are the ones who are (to be) asked questions.”

Grading: Majlisi (Miratul uqul) صحيح Sahih (Authentic)    
Read More... Taqleed IS wajib! Read More!

Wednesday, 13 April 2011

'Plucking out random narrations'

Often the faithful servants of our marjas stop people from reading ahadith and acting on them under the pretext of "Our ahadith books contain so many ahadith, you can't just pluck out a few random narrations and act on them.". Now even if we disregard the fact that most (if not all) our ahadith books are extremely well organized in the layout of different topics coupled with the fact that in this computer age it is extremely easy to do a keyword/topic search in our ahadith books available online thereby enabling the laymen (i.e. those who were not brought up shamelessly on khums) to find and read all the ahadith relevant to them without referring to a marja/mujtahid, going by the argument cited above by the servants of marjas, even the marjas themselves would then be left unable to issue fatwas. Why is that? That is because MANY of our earlier ahadith books (such as the monumental Madinatul ilm) have been lost and are not available anymore. So taking into account all the ahadith books that have been lost, even reading up ALL the ahadith books available today would count as "plucking random narrations". So where does that leave us? Should we just abandon the religion or is there a solution? Is not it enough to act on what we know from what is available? What do ahadith say?

Thawabul a'amaal wa aqaabul a'amaal

أبي (رهـ ) قال حدثني سعد بن عبد الله عن القاسم بن محمد بن سليمان بن داود عن حفص بن غياث قال سمعت أبا عبد الله (ع) يقول من عمل بما علم كفي ما لم يعلم

My (Shaikh Sadooq's) father said: Told me Sa'd b. Abdullah from al Qasim b. Muhammad b. Sulaiman b. Dawood from Hafs b. Ghiyas who said: I heard Aba Abdullah(as) say: "Whoever acted by what he knew it suffices for him what he did not know." 
Read More... 'Plucking out random narrations' Read More!

Monday, 11 April 2011

What about the issues which aren't mentioned(explicitly) in Qur'an and ahadith?

Although I have already covered this topic in previous posts but still, servants of marjas keep on bringing up this question of "how to get answers for issues not explicitly mentioned in Qur'an or ahadith?". The usual argument is that such issues can only be solved through ijtehad and thus one must do taqleed of a mujtahid. But are we even obliged to seek answers to such issues? What do ahadith say?

Nahjul Balagha

وقال عليه السلام: إن الله افترض عليكم الفرائض فلا تضيعوها، وحد لكم حدودا فلا تعتدوها، ونهاكم عن أشياء فلا تنتهكوها وسكت لكم عن أشياء ولم يدعها نسيانا فلا تتكلفوها

And said (Ali)(as): "Indeed Allah(swt) has ordained upon you people the obligatory acts so do not lose/waste them, and set limit for you people so do not cross them, and forbid from things so do not go against them and (Allah(swt)) remained silent for you people from some things and it was not due to forgetfulness/oversight so do not trouble yourself with them.

 

Related posts

 

How to deal with modern issues in terms of their religious ruling?

 

What to do when faced with an issue for which you do not know the religious ruling?  


Everything is Halal until proven Haram

Read More... What about the issues which aren't mentioned(explicitly) in Qur'an and ahadith? Read More!

Friday, 8 April 2011

Ijtehad in tashayyu: A further analysis

Further to what was discussed in the earlier post, ( Ijtehad in sharia allowed? ), in which we it was shown that the term ijtehad has not been used in ahadith and our classical scholars such as Shaikh Tusi have condemned ijtehad; we will now take a look at the technical definition of ijtehad as provided by some of our greatest scholars.Muhammad Ibrahim Jannati says in his book, "Ijtihad: Its Meaning, Sources, Beginnings and the Practice of Ra'y":
"(f) The great mujtahid al‑`Allamah al‑Hilli (648‑726/1250‑1325), in his work al Nihayah on usul al‑fiqh, writes: Ijtihad means employ­ment of effort for arriving at presumption with regard to a hukm of the Shari ah, in a way that is not blameworthy on account of negligence or omission.
(g) Al‑`Allamah al Turayhi says: Ijtihad is to employ one's effort and endeavour in pursuit of some difficult task and for arriving at pre­sumption with regard to a hukm of the Shari`ah. 
(h) The Usuli mujtahid al‑`Amili al‑Jiba`i says: Ijtihad is the effort and endeavour of a faqih in order to arrive at presumption in regard to a hukm of the Shari`ah. 
(i) Al‑Shaykh al‑Baha i in his Zubdah quotes al‑Hajibi to the ef­fect that: By ijtihad is meant the exhaustive efforts of a faqih for ar­riving at presumption in regard to a hukm of the Shari’ah. Al‑`Allamah al‑Hilli agrees with this definition in his book Tahdhib al‑‘usul."
http://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/ijtihad/1.htm#6
 
   

So is this practice valid? What do ahadith say?   

Kafi
محمد بن يحيى، عن أحمد بن محمد، عن الوشاء، عن مثنى الحناط، عن أبي بصير قال: قلت لابي عبدالله (عليه السلام): ترد علينا أشياء ليس نعرفها في كتاب الله ولا سنة فننظر فيها؟ فقال: لا، أما إنك إن أصبت لم تؤجر، وإن أخطأت كذبت على الله عز وجل
Muhammd b.Yahya, from Ahmad b.Muhammad, from al Washa', from Muthnal Hanaat, from Abi Baseer said: (I) said to Abi Abdullah(as) "Things (religious questions) are referred upon us (which) we do not recognize (find) in book of Allah (swt) or sunnah so we look/speculate into it (for answer). (Imam(as)) said "No, if you hit(the mark) you'll get no reward, and if you made mistake then you lied upon Allah (swt)." 
  

Grading
Majlisi (Miratul uqul): حسن Hasan (Good) 
Bahboodi: صحيح Sahih (Correct/Authentic) 
 
   

Kafi 
علي بن إبراهيم، عن هارون بن مسلم، عن مسعدة بن صدقة قال: حدثني جعفر، عن أبيه (عليهما السلام) أن عليا صلوات الله عليه قال: من نصب نفسه للقياس لم يزل دهره في التباس، ومن دان الله بالرأي لم يزل دهره في ارتماس، قال: وقال أبوجعفر (عليه السلام): من أفتى الناس برأيه فقد دان الله بما لا يعلم، ومن دان الله بما لا يعلم فقد ضاد الله حيث احل وحرم فيما لا يعلم
 Ali b. Ibrahim, from Haroon b. Muslim, from Mas'adah b. Sadaqah who said: Told me Ja'far(as) from his(as) father(as) that Ali(as) said: "Whoever inflicted upon himself of the qiyas (analogy), his lifetime (would be spent) in confusion, and whoever practiced religion of Allah(swt) with ra'y (opinion, presumption etc), his lifetime (would be spent) in a drowned state." (Narrator) said: Abu Ja'far(as) said: "Whoever gives fatwa to people by ra'y then certainly he practiced religion of Allah(swt) with what he did not know, so indeed he opposed Allah where he made halal and haram in what he did not know."
Read More... Ijtehad in tashayyu: A further analysis Read More!

Wednesday, 6 April 2011

Ijtehad in shari'a, allowed?

What do ahadith say about ijtihad?Ayatullah Murtadha Mutahhiri says in his book "The Role of Ijtihad in Legislation"
"Apparently, there seems to be no doubt that this term was never used by any of the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt (A). The terms ijtihad and mujtahid, in the sense in which they are used by Shi'ah and Sunni fuqaha', have not been used in any of their ahadith. Neither they themselves were ever known by the epithet 'mujtahid' nor did they ever use it for the scholars and legists from among their companions." 
http://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/default.asp?url=ijtihad-legislation.htm    
  So as we can see, this term was never even mentioned in ahadith, which would indicate that it was imported from somewhere else and has unfortunately now become the focal point of religion. So since we do not have ahadith about ijtehad, let's see what our classical scholars said about it.        

Uddat al usul (By Shaikh Tusi)

اعلم ان هذه المسألة تسقط عن اصولنا، لانا قد بينا ان القياس والاجتهاد لا يجوز استعمالها في الشرع

I know (believe) that these issues are redundant about our principles, for I certainly have said/explained that the qiyas (analogy) and the ijtehad are both non permissible for use in shari'a.

Source

Uddat ul usul (by Shaikh Tusi), Vol 2, page 733

Retrieved online from:

http://www.yasoob.com/books/htm1/m018/22/no2209.html 

Read More... Ijtehad in shari'a, allowed? Read More!

Thursday, 10 March 2011

How to deal with modern issues, in terms of their religious ruling?

Further to the posts made earlier which showed what to do when faced with an issue for which you do not know the religious ruling as well as the general rule that everything is halal untill proven to be haram, nevertheless, this question keeps popping up now and then as to how to deal with modern issues especially ones which are not explicitly mentioned in Qur'an or ahadith. So how does one deal with them? Should we make up our own rulings using our logic and common sense, or should we refer to a marja' who will "derive" (are they an exception that they can derive rulings through their logic and rationalizations?) the ruling through "ijtehad"(rationalizations,qiya,ra'ay,dhann,istihsan,maslah etc)? Or perhaps, refer and hold on to the commands handed out to us by the Infallibles(as) about 1000 years ago and preserved in the form of ahadith? But...but..aren't they too old, don't we need to "adjust"(manipulate) the laws as per current times?
Let's see what ahadith say:

Kamal ad din wa tamam an ni'ma


حدثنا محمدبن موسى بن المتوكل رضي الله عنه قال: حدثنا عبدالله بن - جعفر الحميري، عن أحمد بن محمد بن عيسى، ومحمدبن عيسى بن عبيد، عن الحسن ابن محبوب، عن يونس بن يعقوب، عمن أثبته، عن أبي عبدالله عليه السلام أنه قال: كيف أنتم إذا بقيتم دهرا من عمركم لاتعرفون إمامكم؟ قيل له: فإذا كان ذلك فكيف نصنع؟ قال: تمسكوا بالامر الاول حتى يستبين لكم

Told us Muhammad b. Musa b. al Mutawakkil (ra) said: Told us Abdullah b. Ja'far al Humairi, from Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Isa, and Muhammad b. Isa b. Ubaid, from al Hasan b. Mahboob, from Yunus b. Ya'qoob, someone from him, from Abi Abdullah(as) that he(as) said: "How will you people be when a period from your age would be left nor know your Imam(as)?" said to him(Imam(as)): "So when is (like) that then how do we make out(what to do)?" (Imam(as)) said: "Hold on to the first affair till shown/made apparent to you people."

Read More... How to deal with modern issues, in terms of their religious ruling? Read More!

Wednesday, 9 March 2011

Learning the religion from maraji', shaikhs, maulanas etc, allowed?


Mustadrak al wasail 



محمد بن ابراهيم النعماني في كتاب الغيبة: عن أبي عبد الله (عليه السلام)، أنه قال: " من دخل في هذا الدين بالرجال، أخرجه منه الرجال، ومن دخل فيه بالكتاب والسنة، زالت الجبال قبل أن يزول

 

Muhammad b. Ibrahim al Nu'mani in kitab al ghaibah: From Abi Abdullah(as) who said: "Whoever enters in this religion by men, he would leave from it by the men, and whoever enters in it by the book and the sunnah, the mountains would be eliminated before he is eliminated."
Read More... Learning the religion from maraji', shaikhs, maulanas etc, allowed? Read More!

Thursday, 3 February 2011

What's the 'logic' behind the laws?

Kafi

عدة من أصحابنا، عن أحمد بن محمد، عن عثمان بن عيسى قال: سألت أبا الحسن موسى (عليه السلام) عن القياس فقال: مالكم والقياس إن الله لا يسأل كيف أحل وكيف حرم.


A group among companions, from Ahmad b.Muhammad, from Uthman b.Easa said: (I) asked Abul Hasan Musa(as) answered regarding qiyas(analogies/deductions) so (he(as)) said "What have you got to do with qiyas? Allah(SWT) does not ask how something was halal and how (it was) haram."
Read More... What's the 'logic' behind the laws? Read More!

Wednesday, 2 February 2011

"Logic" and "common sense" in Islamic laws

Kafi

محمد بن يحيى، عن أحمد بن محمد، عن الوشاء، عن مثنى الحناط، عن أبي بصير قال: قلت لابي عبدالله (عليه السلام): ترد علينا أشياء ليس نعرفها في كتاب الله ولا سنة فننظر فيها؟ فقال: لا، أما إنك إن أصبت لم تؤجر، وإن أخطأت كذبت على الله عز وجل

Muhammd b.Yahya, from Ahmad b.Muhammad, from al Washa', from Muthnal Hanaat, from Abi Baseer said: (I) said to Abi Abdullah(as) "Things (religious questions) are referred upon us (which) we do not recognize (find) in book of Allah (swt) or sunnah so we look/speculate into it (for answer). (Imam(as)) said "No, if you're right you'll get no reward, and if you made mistake then you lied upon Allah (swt)."
Read More... "Logic" and "common sense" in Islamic laws Read More!

Sunday, 30 January 2011

What to do when faced with an issue for which you do not know the religious ruling?


What is the best course of action for one who is faced with an issue for which he does not know the religious ruling and there is no one available to guide him?

Uyun akhar ar redha:

حدثنا علي بن أحمد بن عبد الله بن أحمد بن أبي عبد الله البرقيو محمد بن موسى البرقي و محمد بن علي ماجيلويه و محمد بن علي بن هاشم و علي بنعيسى المجاور رضي الله عنهم قالوا حدثنا علي بن محمد بن ماجيلويه عن أحمد بن محمدبن خالد عن أحمد بن محمد السياري عن علي بن أسباط قال قلت للرضا ( ع ) يحدث الأمر لاأجد بدا من معرفته و ليس في البلد الذي أنا فيه أحد أستفتيه من مواليك قال فقالايت فقيه البلد فاستفته في أمرك فإذا أفتاك بشي‏ء فخذ بخلافه فإن الحق فيه


Told Ali b. Ahmad b. 'Abdullah b. Ahmad b. Ahmad b. Abi 'Abullah al Barqio Muhammad b. Musa al Barqi and Muhammad b. Ali Majiloyeh and Muhammad b. Ali b. Hashim and Ali Bina'see al Majaawar radhi Allah Anhum said "Told Ali b. Muhmmad b. Majiloyeh from Ahmed b. Muhammad b. Khalid from Ahmed b. Muhammad al Sayyari from Ali b. Asbaat said to Imam ar Redha(as) "Sometimes an issue/affair occurs and I don't have recognition/knowledge(of its ruling) and in the town I live there's no mawali(of ahlul bayt) who I can ask." Imam(as) replied "Ask the fatwa from the town's faqih(i.e. the town's non shia mufti) about the issue and whatever fatwa he gives do the opposite for haq(truth) is in it(i.e doing opposite of the mufti's fatwa)."
Read More... What to do when faced with an issue for which you do not know the religious ruling? Read More!